what are the odds of a black man going to jail

The criminal justice system is heavily impacted by the bias of police mentality, as well as outdated judicial precedents.  Information technology is largely driven by racial disparities, which directly obstruct and deconstruct our minority communities.

Origins of Modern Mean solar day Policing

The origins of our modern-day police mentality tin be traced dorsum to the "Slave Patrol". The earliest formal slave patrol was created in the Carolinas in the early on 1700s, with the following mission: to establish a system of terror in response to slave uprisings with the chapters to pursue, apprehend, and render runaway slaves to their owners, including the apply of excessive strength to command and produce desired slave beliefs.  Slave Patrols allowed forcible entry into whatever home solely based on suspicions of protecting runaway slaves.  Slave Patrols continued until the end of the Civil War and the passage of the 13th Amendment.

History Explained

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Criminal Justice System: Law Enforcement

Background

• Police enforcement officials are responsible for the investigation of a crime and to gather prove to identify and use against the presumed perpetrator. The presumption upon which they are supposed to operate is that individuals are suspects and innocent until proven guilty.
• Every bit of 2018, there are 686,665 total-time employed law enforcement officials across the United states of america.
• The Quaternary Subpoena prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and is the foundation for the protections included in our Miranda Rights: "You accept the correct to remain silent. Annihilation you say can and volition be held against you in the court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an chaser, one will be provided for you."
• A Black person is five times more than likely to be stopped without only cause than a white person.
• A Black man is twice equally likely to be stopped without only crusade than a Blackness woman.
• 65% of Black adults have felt targeted considering of their race. Similarly, approximately 35% of Latino and Asian adults have felt targeted because of race.

Police Brutality

• ane,025 people accept been shot and killed by police in the by twelvemonth.
• At that place are somewhere betwixt 900 and 1,100 people who are shot and killed by police in the U.s. each yr.
• Since 2005, 98 non-federal law enforcement officers have been arrested in connection with fatal, on-duty shootings. To engagement, only 35 of these officers have been convicted of a crime, often a lesser offense such every bit manslaughter or negligent homicide, rather than murder. Merely three officers accept been bedevilled of murder during this period and seen their convictions stand. Another 22 officers were acquitted in a jury trial and 9 were acquitted during a bench trial decided by a judge. x other cases were dismissed by a judge or a prosecutor, and in one instance no true nib was returned from a grand jury. Currently, in that location are 21 non-federal law enforcement officers with awaiting criminal cases for fatal shootings.

Public Perception of Constabulary Brutality and Racial Bias in the Criminal Justice Organisation

There is an obvious disparity in how the general public view fatal encounters between police force and Black people. 66% said these encounters were isolated incidents.

• 84% of Blackness adults say white people are treated ameliorate than black people by constabulary; 63% of white adults hold based on 2019 inquiry on constabulary relations.
• 87% of Black adults say the U.S. criminal justice arrangement is more unjust towards Blackness people; 61% of white adults hold.
• Despite the fact that more white people have been killed by constabulary, Black and Hispanic people are disproportionately impacted.  While white people make up a little over 60% of the population, they but brand up most 41% of fatal constabulary shootings.  Blackness people brand upwardly 13.4% of the population, but brand upward 22% of fatal police shootings.  This does not have into consideration other forms of constabulary brutality, including non-lethal shootings.

The number of people shot to decease past the police in the Us from 2017 to 2020, by race.

Source: Statista

• 539 claims were filed during the 2018-2019 fiscal year against the Los Angeles Canton Sheriff'southward Office related to law misconduct. Two-hundred and forty-one lawsuits were dismissed without any payments. LAPD has approximately ix,000 sworn officers.

The Effects of Police Brutality on Mental Wellness

• Constabulary killings of unarmed Blackness Americans are responsible for more than than 50 million boosted days of poor mental wellness per year amongst Black Americans. This mental health burden is comparable to that associated with diabetes, a disease that strikes 1 in v Black Americans.
• Fatal police violence is the sixth leading cause of expiry for men ages 25 to 29 across all racial groups.
• The lifetime run a risk of dying from police violence is at its highest from ages twenty to 35, and this applies to men and women of all races.
• On average, Black Americans are exposed to four law killings of other unarmed Blackness Americans in the same state each yr.

The Cost of Police Brutality

• While many police brutality and fatal constabulary shootings are not prosecuted in criminal courtroom, victims and the families of victims have been able to pursue civil judgments, which toll millions of taxpayers dollars each year.
• $175.9 million in ceremonious judgments and claims for police-related lawsuits paid by New York City during the 2019 fiscal yr. New York Metropolis has the largest police force with 36,000 members serving 8.three 1000000 people.
• $500 meg was paid out by the City of Chicago betwixt 2004 and 2014 for police force misconduct-related lawsuits.

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Criminal Justice System: The Courts

The primary purpose of the court system is to try each case presented, render a verdict, and determine sentencing.

• Individual rights are protected by the Constitution in the courtroom of law, such as follows;
  • The right to face up your accuser
  • The correct to not incriminate oneself
  • The right to counsel
  • The right to a jury trial
• The jury must be a fair cross-section of the community, which in almost cases should not lead to a jury composed of a single race or gender. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), was a landmark decision of the Us Supreme Court ruling that a prosecutor's use of a peremptory challenge in a criminal case — the dismissal of jurors without stating a valid cause for doing and then — may non exist used to exclude jurors based solely on their race.  A Batson claiming is a claiming fabricated past one party in a case to the other party's use of peremptory challenges to eliminate potential jurors from the jury on the basis of sexual activity, race, ethnicity, or religion. A trial usually begins with jury choice.
• I out of every three Black boys born today tin can expect to be sentenced to prison, compared 1 out half-dozen Latino boys; one out of 17 white boys.
• Sentencing reform addresses the inequities in sentencing as a result of the court'southward due process.
  • For example, Delaware lawmakers enacted Senate Neb 47, a measure that removes geographic-based sentencing enhancements – "drug-gratuitous" schoolhouse zones – that unduly bear on those living in urban areas and are known to exacerbate racially disparate sentencing outcomes. In recent years, New Bailiwick of jersey, Indiana, and Utah adopted legislation to scale back drug zone sentencing enhancements.
  • California lawmakers passed Senate Nib 136 to repeal the ane-year sentence enhancement for each prior prison or county jail felony term. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation estimated that x,000 persons currently incarcerated were serving a sentence that included a one-year enhancement.
• 5% of illicit drug users are African American, still African Americans represent 29% of those arrested and 33% of those incarcerated for drug offenses.
  • In the 2015 National Survey on Drug Apply and Health, about 17 million white people and iv one thousand thousand African Americans reported having used an illicit drug within the last month.
  • African Americans and whites use drugs at like rates, but the imprisonment rate of African Americans for drug charges is almost half dozen times that of whites.
• As of Oct 2016, there have been 1900 exonerations of the wrongfully accused, 47% of the exonerated were African American.
• African American defendants are 22% more likely to have convictions involving police force misconduct that eventually outcome in exoneration.

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Criminal Justice Organisation: Corrections

The correctional branch of the criminal justice system involves a network of agencies that administer prisons and programs like parole and probation boards in a given jurisdiction.

• There are 3 million people in jail and prison today, far outpacing population growth and crime. Betwixt 1980 and 2015, the number of people incarcerated increased from roughly 500,000 to 2.2. million.
• Despite making up close to five% of the global population, the U.Due south. has near 25% of the world's prison population.
• 32% of the US population is represented past African Americans and Hispanics, compared to 56% of the US incarcerated population being represented by African Americans and Hispanics.
  • In 2014, African Americans constituted two.3 million, or 34%, of the total half dozen.8 meg correctional population.
  • African Americans are incarcerated at more than 5 times the charge per unit of whites.
  • The imprisonment rate for African American women is 2x that of white women.
  • Nationwide, African American children represent 32% of children who are arrested, 42% of children who are detained, and 52% of children whose cases are judicially waived to criminal court. African American children represent 14% of the population.
• 7% of adults in the U.s. are under correctional supervision. That equates to one out of every 37 adults in the Us.
• In 2012 solitary, the United States spent well-nigh $81 billion on corrections.
  • Spending on prisons and jails has increased at triple the rate of spending on Pre‐K‐12 public education in the concluding thirty years.
• Prisons are overpopulated. Since 1970, our incarcerated population has increased by 700%.
• Since 1991 the charge per unit of violent crime in the The states has fallen past about 20%, while the number of people in prison or jail has risen by 50%.
• If African Americans and Hispanics were incarcerated at the same rates as whites, prison and jail populations would decline by almost 40%.
• $80 billion taxpayer dollars are spent on our current prison arrangement, bookkeeping for one out of every 15-state general fund discretionary dollars (2nd fastest-growing category for land budgets).

Effects of Incarceration

• The 13th amendment protects against barbarous and unusual punishment, even so most of our prisons are at max chapters and take inhumane weather, exploitation of labor, and absence of proper measures in place to respond adequately during states of emergency and national pandemics.
• Inmates are five times more likely to exist infected by HIV than the general population.
• Approximately ten% to 20% of inmates suffer from a serious mental disease, which is frequently fabricated worse during incarceration.
• Many of the formerly incarcerated also endure from a loss of their rights as a result of their records:
  • In 34 states, people who are on parole or probation cannot vote.
  • In 12 states, a felony confidence means never voting again.
  • In addition, prior incarceration tin can affect one's ability to secure sure federal benefits or get a job.
• The effects of incarceration are felt by the families and communities of those individuals:
  • More than i out of every vi black men who today should exist between 25 and 54 years old have disappeared from daily life. Incarceration and early deaths are the main drivers behind their absence.  A history of incarceration has been linked to vulnerability to disease, a greater likelihood of cigarette smoking, and fifty-fifty premature death. Their absence from the community removes voters, workers, taxpayers, and more than.
  • Children whose parents are involved in the criminal justice arrangement endure from: psychological strain, antisocial behavior, intermission or expulsion from school, economic hardship, and are six times more than likely to exist involved in criminal activity.
  • Partners of incarcerated individuals suffer from depression and economical hardship.

COVID-19 & Infectious Diseases

• There are 68,000 (and counting) identified prison inmate cases of Covid-xix.
• New cases of COVID-19 have soared across hot spots in the U.s. in the last few weeks – even as daily infection rates in the nation have remained flat.
• There has been a 73% increment in COVID-nineteen related deaths since mid-May.
• The 5 largest known clusters of COVID-19 virus are inside corrections institutions.
• The number of infected cases volition increase, as more demonstrators and protestors against police brutality are arrested.
• Infectious diseases are highly concentrated in corrections facilities. 15% of jail inmates and 22% of prisoners – compared to v% of the general population – are reported having tuberculosis, Hepatitis B and C, HIV/AIDS, or other STDs.

Penal Labor and Prison Industrial Complex

• The prison house-industrial complex is a set of interest groups and institutions. Private prisons' business concern model is contingent upon incarcerating more than and more than people.
• Hundreds of corporations do good from penal labor, including some of our largest major corporations. seven% of state prisoners and 18% of federal prisoners are employed by for-profit companies.
• Wages are equivalent to less than $1 per hour in most penal labor programs with upwardly to 12-hour workdays. The pay scale for federal prisoners is $.12 to $.40 per hr.
• In Texas, inmates are not paid for labor. The Texas penal labor organisation, managed by Texas Correctional Industries, is valued at $88.9 million in 2014.
• The estimated annual value of prison and jail industrial output is $ii billion.

Capital punishment

• 35% of the individuals executed under the capital punishment within the last 40 years have been Black. African Americans correspond only 13% of the general population. African Americans are pursued, convicted, and sent to expiry at a disproportionally higher rate than whatever other race.
• In early 2000, the per centum of Black people on expiry row were as follows for u.s. below:
  • Maryland 72%
  • Pennsylvania 63%
  • Illinois 63%
  • Alabama 46%
  • Texas 41%
  • Virginia 39%
  • California 36%
  • Florida 36%
• 66% of juveniles sentenced to decease are people of colour, 2-thirds of the crimes committed involved white victims.
• 82% of people on death row were convicted of cases that involved white victims.

Cycle of Incarceration

• 650,000 Americans render to their communities from prison each year. Nearly half of them will return to prison house within a few years.
• Most 50,000 legal restrictions confronting people with abort and conviction records routinely block access to jobs, housing, and educational opportunities, which significantly contributes towards high rates of increased interactions with the criminal justice system and reincarceration of people who have been released from prison house.
• Well-nigh 75% of formerly incarcerated people are even so unemployed a year afterwards release. A lack of stable employment increases the likelihood that an individual will return to jail or prison. In fact, research has constitute that joblessness is the unmarried most important predictor of recidivism.

Off-white Chance Hiring (FCH) Fact Canvas

• Off-white Chance Hiring (FCH) Fact Sheet

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Source: https://naacp.org/resources/criminal-justice-fact-sheet

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